Spondylosis refers to degeneration of the disc space between vertebrae. It is common and age-related.

Spondylitis refers to inflammation of the vertebrae. It is distinct from ankylosing spondylitis which is an autoimmune disease.

Spondylolisthesis refers to the displacement of a vertebra in relation to those above and below it within the spinal column. It can be mild or more severe and is caused by normal ageing, birth defects and traumatic injury. Spondylolisthesis may or may not be associated with symptoms such as pain.